Should we perform sigmoidoscopy for colorectal cancer screening in people under 45 years?

BACKGROUND: The strategy for preventing colorectal cancer is screening by colonoscopy, which offers a direct way for detection and removal of adenomatous polyps (APs). American College of Gastroenterology guidelines recommend that people aged ≥ 45 years should undergo colonoscopy; however, how to deal with people aged ≤ 45 years is still unknown. AIM: To compare the prevalence of APs and high-grade neoplasia between the left and right colon in patients ≤ 45 years. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a single tertiary III hospital in China. This study included patients aged 18-45 years with undergoing initial colonoscopy dissection and pathological diagnosis AP or high-grade neoplasia between February 2014 and January 2021. The number of APs in the entire colon while screening and post-polypectomy surveillance in following 1-3 years were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 3053 cases were included. The prevalence of APs in the left and right colon was 55.0% and 41.6%, respectively (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.6-2.4; P < 0.05). For APs with high-grade neoplasia, the prevalence was 2.7% and 0.9%, respectively (OR 3.0, 95%CI 2.0-4.6; P < 0.05). Therefore, the prevalence of APs and high-grade neoplasia in the left colon was significantly higher than in the right colon in patients aged ≤ 45 years. There were 327 patients who voluntarily participated in post-polypectomy surveillance in following 1-3 years, and APs were found in 216 cases (66.1%); 170 cases had 1-3 polyps (52.0%) and 46 cases had > 3 polyps (14.1%; OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1-0.6; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that flexible sigmoidoscopy would be an optimal approach for initial screening in people aged ≤ 45 years and would be a more cost-effective and safe strategy.

Enhanced Microwave Deicing Capacity of Cement Pavement with Carbon Fiber Screens.

The combination of an absorbing structure and a road is a promising strategy for road deicing using microwaves. In this study, cement mortar (CM) specimens containing a carbon fiber screen (CFS) were prepared to concentrate electromagnetic losses on a road surface. The effect of the size and depth of the CFS on the surface heating efficiency of the microwave was studied and optimized, and a microwave deicing experiment was conducted. The results indicated that the destructive interference produced by the CFS led to the effective surface heating of the CM/CFS specimens. The optimal surface heating rate was 0.83 °C/s when the spacing, depth, and width of the CFS were 5.22, 13.31, and 2.80 mm, respectively. The deicing time was shortened by 21.68% from 83 to 65 s, and the heating rate increased by 17.14% from 0.70 to 0.82 °C/s for the specimen with CFS-1, which was 15 mm depth. Our results demonstrate that CM/CFS composite structures can be effectively applied to increase the capacity and accelerate the development of the microwave deicing of roads.

Auto-Cleaving Bond for Better Drugs.

While bond formation has historically been the mainstay of medicinal chemistry, the phenomenon of bond cleavage has received less focus. However, the success of numerous oral medications demonstrates the importance of controlled cleavage in prodrugs to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, effective strategies to control this cleavage remain limited. This concept article introduces a novel approach: employing peptides as conjugates to drugs to modulate the hydrolysis of these conjugates and enhance drug efficacy. The article begins by briefly outlining common prodrug strategies, followed by a few representative examples of how peptides can be leveraged to control the autohydrolysis of peptide-conjugated prodrugs for bacterial and cancer cell inhibition. Finally, it provides a brief outlook on the future potential of this promising new research direction in molecular medicine.

Biosafety consideration of nanocellulose in biomedical applications: A review.

Nanocellulose-based biomaterials have gained significant attention in various fields, especially in medical and pharmaceutical areas, due to their unique properties, including non-toxicity, high specific surface area, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and abundant feasible and sophisticated strategies for functional modification. The biosafety of nanocellulose itself is a prerequisite to ensure the safe and effective application of biomaterials as they interact with living cells, tissues, and organs at the nanoscale. Potential residual endogenous impurities and exogenous contaminants could lead to the failure of the intended functionalities or even serious health complications if they are not adequately removed and assessed before use. This review summarizes the sources of impurities in nanocellulose that may pose potential hazards to their biosafety, including endogenous impurities that co-exist in the cellulosic raw materials themselves and exogenous contaminants caused by external exposure. Strategies to reduce or completely remove these impurities are outlined and classified as chemical, physical, biological, and combined methods. Additionally, key points that require careful consideration in the interpretation of the biosafety evaluation outcomes were discussed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the nanocellulose-based biomaterials in medical applications.

Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed diversity in the response of resistant and susceptible rose (Rosa hybrida) varieties to Marssonina rosae.

Rose black spot disease caused by Marssonina rosae is among the most destructive diseases that affects the outdoor cultivation and production of roses; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defensive response of roses to M. rosae have not been clarified. To investigate the diversity of response to M. rosae in resistant and susceptible rose varieties, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses of resistant (KT) and susceptible (FG) rose varieties and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in response to M. rosae at different time points. In response to M. rosae, DEGs and DAMs were mainly upregulated compared to the control and transcription factors were concentrated in the WRKY and AP2/ERF families. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the DEGs of FG were mainly enriched in biological processes, such as the abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway, cell wall, and defense response, whereas the DEGs of KT were mainly enriched in Golgi-mediated vesicle transport processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the DEGs of both varieties were concentrated in plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signal transduction, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, with the greatest number of DEGs associated with brassinosteroid (BR) in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. The reliability of the transcriptome results was verified by qRT-PCR. DAMs of KT were significantly enriched in the butanoate metabolism pathway, whereas DAMs of FG were significantly enriched in BR biosynthesis, glucosinolate biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism. Moreover, the DAMs in these pathways were significantly positively correlated with the DEGs. Disease symptoms were aggravated when FG leaves were inoculated with M. rosae after 24-epibrassinolide treatment, indicating that the response of FG to M. rosae involves the BR signaling pathway. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rose response to M. rosae and lay a theoretical foundation for formulating rose black spot prevention and control strategies and cultivating resistant varieties.

Spatial continuous modeling of early Cenozoic carbon cycle and climate.

A real spatial continuous modeling of climate and carbon cycle is developed, and tested for early Cenozoic from 60 Ma to 40 Ma.

Co-developmental trajectories of suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: Transdiagnostic predictors and association with suicide attempts.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are crucial public health issues, yet their co-developmental trajectories during early adolescence and their associations with predictors and outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to (a) identify heterogeneous co-developmental trajectories of SI and NSSI, (b) explore associations between transdiagnostic predictors and trajectories, and (c) assess suicide attempt risk across trajectories. METHODS: Four hundred fifty-three adolescents (Mage = 12.35 years, 48.3% boys) completed surveys at 6-month intervals across 2 years. At Time 1 (Nov 2020), participants completed surveys encompassing SI, and NSSI, along with family, peer, and individual predictors. Subsequent surveys (Times 2-4) measured SI and NSSI, with suicide attempts queried at Time 4. RESULTS: Parallel process latent class growth models revealed three co-developmental groups (i.e., Stable low NSSI and SI; Moderate-NSSI and high-SI, parallel decreasing; High-NSSI and moderate-SI, parallel increasing). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that group membership was predicted by parental rejection, parental warmth, bullying victimization, depressive and anxiety symptoms, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. Adolescents in the "High-NSSI and moderate-SI, parallel increasing" group reported the highest suicide attempt frequency. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore subgroup distinctions and transdiagnostic predictors in comprehending SI and NSSI progression, emphasizing the necessity of dynamic monitoring and tailored interventions for distinct subgroup characteristics.

A copper-loaded self-assembled nanoparticle for disturbing the tumor redox balance and triple anti-tumor therapy.

Both chemodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy, based on the production of reactive oxygen (ROS), have excellent potential in cancer therapy. However, the abnormal redox homeostasis in tumor cells, especially the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) could scavenge ROS and reduce the anti-tumor efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to develop a simple and effective tumor-specific drug delivery system for modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and achieving synergistic therapy at the tumor site. In this study, self-assembled nanoparticles (named CDZP NPs) were developed using copper ion (Cu2+), doxorubicin (Dox), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and a trace amount of poly(2-(di-methylamino)ethylmethacrylate)-poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate) (PDMAEMA-PHB-PDMAEMA) through chelation, π-π stacking and hydrophobic interaction. These triple factor-responsive (pH, laser and GSH) nanoparticles demonstrated unique advantages through the synergistic effect. Highly controllable drug release ensured its effectiveness at the tumor site, Dox-induced chemotherapy and ZnPc-mediated fluorescence (FL) imaging exhibited the distribution of nanoparticles. Meanwhile, Cu2+-mediated GSH-consumption not only reduced the intracellular ROS elimination but also produced Cu+ to catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and generated hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), thereby enhancing the chemodynamic and photodynamic therapy. Herein, this study provides a green and relatively simple method for preparing multifunctional nanoparticles that can effectively modulate the TME and improve synergetic cancer therapy.

On-chip multi-trap optical tweezers based on a guided wave-driven metalens.

Optical tweezer arrays (OTAs) have emerged as a powerful tool for quantum simulation, quantum computation, and quantum many-body physics. Conventional OTAs require bulky and costly optical components to generate multiple optical traps, such as spatial light modulators (SLMs). An integrated way to achieve on-chip OTAs is a sought-after goal for compact optical manipulation. In this Letter, we have numerically demonstrated compact on-chip multi-trap optical tweezers based on a guided wave-driven metalens. The presented on-chip optical tweezers are capable of capturing multiple polystyrene nanospheres in parallel. Moreover, we proposed an analytical design method to generate customized focal points from the integrated photonics chip into free space. Different trapping patterns are demonstrated to validate our proposed off-chip emission scheme. Our approach offers a promising solution to realize on-chip optical tweezers and provides a prospective way to realize elaborate emission control of guided waves into free-space beams.

Study on preparation of UV-CDs/Zeolite-4A/TiO2 composite photocatalyst coupled with ultraviolet-irradiation and their application of photocatalytic degradation of dyes.

In this work, ultraviolet irradiation was employed to assist in the preparation of a novel photocatalyst composite in the form of carbon dots/zeolite-4A/TiO2, using coal tailings as the source of silicon-aluminum and carbon. The composite was designed for the degradation of methylene blue under 500 W of UV light irradiation. Zeolite-4A was used as a support for the well-dispersed carbon dots and TiO2 nanoparticles. The as-prepared composites were subjected to thorough characterization, confirming the successful formation of zeolite-4A with a cube structure, along with the loading of TiO2 and coal-based CDs in the composites. The experimental results demonstrated that the UV-CZTs nanocomposites exhibited a remarkable removal efficiency of 90.63% within 90 min for MB. The corresponding rate constant was exceptionally high at 0.0331 min-1, surpassing that of the Dark-CZTs and pure TiO2. This significant enhancement was possibly due to the synergistic effect of adsorption photocatalysis of the UV-CZTs, combined with the excellent electron-accepting capabilities of the coal-based CDs, which led to highly improved charge separation. An investigation of the spent photocatalyst's recyclability revealed that it retained a remarkable 82.94% MB removal efficiency after five consecutive cycles, signifying the stability of the composite. Trapping experiments also elucidated the primary reactive species responsible for MB degradation, which were identified as photo-generated holes and ⸱O2- species. By this process, the hydroxyl radicals generated in the system successfully promoted the transformation of coal tailings to coal-based zeolite and coal-based CDs. Coal-based zeolite served as an excellent carrier of titanium dioxide, which improved its dispersibility. The inhibition of e--h+ recombination of titanium dioxide by introducing coal-based CDs improved the photocatalytic ability of titanium dioxide. Through this study, coal tailings, as a coal processing waste, were transformed into high-value materials, and relevant photocatalytic composite materials could be prepared with broad application prospects.

Effect of adaptive sports on quality of life in individuals with disabilities who use wheelchairs: a mixed-methods systematic review.

PURPOSE: Adaptive sports participation has been shown to improve quality of life (QoL) in individual with disabilities. However, inconsistent results in various domains of QoL exist in the literature. The objective of this mixed-methods systematic review is to identify and synthesize evidence from quantitative and qualitative studies on the effect of adaptive sports on QoL in individuals with disabilities who use wheelchairs for mobility. METHODS: A systematic literature review of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods research on the effect of adaptive sports on QoL was conducted on five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Medline, and PubMed). Quality appraisal was conducted by two authors by using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: This review identified 4 key findings from 41 studies, including 31 quantitative and 10 qualitative studies. First, individuals with disabilities using wheelchairs for mobility who actively engaged in adaptive sports tend to report higher QoL scores compared with those who were inactive or did not participate. Second, the relationship between the duration of regular participation in adaptive sports and QoL scores exhibited inconsistent results. Third, a multi-component adaptive sports program demonstrates the potential to further improve QoL scores. Last, qualitative investigations reveal that participation in adaptive sports positively influences various domains of well-being in wheelchair users, including encompassing physical and emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, material well-being, personal development, self-determination, and social inclusion. CONCLUSION: This review provides a comprehensive relationship between adaptive sports participation and QoL of wheelchair users. This study identifies the value of multi-component interventions and demonstrates the diverse positive influences of adaptive sports on well-being.

Individuals with disabilities who actively engage in adaptive sports report higher quality of life (QoL) scores compared with those who were inactive or did not participate.The relationship between the duration of regular participation in adaptive sports and QoL scores exhibits inconsistent results.A multi-component adaptive sports program may further improve QoL scores.Qualitative investigations reveal that participation in adaptive sports positively influences various domains of well-being in wheelchair users, including encompassing physical and emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, material well-being, personal development, self-determination, and social inclusion.

Structural Modification of Noscapine via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis for the Discovery of S-Phase Arresting Agents.

Herein, we disclose a powerful strategy for the functionalization of the antitumor natural alkaloid noscapine by utilizing photoredox/nickel dual-catalytic coupling technology. A small collection of 37 new noscapinoids with diverse (hetero)alkyl and (hetero)cycloalkyl groups and enhanced sp3 character was thus synthesized. Further in vitro antiproliferative activity screening and SAR study enabled the identification of 6o as a novel, potent, and less-toxic anticancer agent. Furthermore, 6o exerts superior cellular activity via an unexpected S-phase arrest mechanism and could significantly induce cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, thereby further highlighting its potential in drug discovery as a promising lead compound.

Vestibular dysfunction leads to cognitive impairments: State of knowledge in the field and clinical perspectives (Review).

The vestibular system may have a critical role in the integration of sensory information and the maintenance of cognitive function. A dysfunction in the vestibular system has a significant impact on quality of life. Recent research has provided evidence of a connection between vestibular information and cognitive functions, such as spatial memory, navigation and attention. Although the exact mechanisms linking the vestibular system to cognition remain elusive, researchers have identified various pathways. Vestibular dysfunction may lead to the degeneration of cortical vestibular network regions and adversely affect synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, ultimately contributing to neuronal atrophy and cell death, resulting in memory and visuospatial deficits. Furthermore, the extent of cognitive impairment varies depending on the specific type of vestibular disease. In the present study, the current literature was reviewed, potential causal relationships between vestibular dysfunction and cognitive performance were discussed and directions for future research were proposed.

Whole Blood Transcriptome Analysis in Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia: a Prospective Clinical Study.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) brings a huge burden to patients, without long-term effective treatment. This study aimed to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related enrichment pathways in patients with TN. This was a study of transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of human samples. Whole blood samples were collected from the TN patients and pain-free controls. RNA was extracted to conduct the RNA-sequencing and the subsequent bioinformatics analysis. DEGs between the two groups were derived. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) and Gene ontology (GO) was used to find the enrichment pathways of DEGs. Protein protein interaction (PPI) network was used to depict the interaction between DEGs and find the most important gene, hub gene. Compared with the control group, there were 117 up-regulated DEGs and 103 down-regulated DEGs in the whole blood of patients in the TN group. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in the neuroimmune and metabolic pathways. The PPI network demonstrated that colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) was the most important hub gene in the whole blood of TN patients. This study shows the expression of the transcriptome in the whole blood samples of TN patients. The neuroimmune responses and key hub gene CSF2 in the whole blood cells play a vital role in the occurrence of TN. Our research provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatments of TN. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov in June 2021 (No. NCT04923399).

On rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals.

The rheological properties of a substance depend greatly on its morphology, and rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (RCNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been extensively studied for their rheological properties. Nevertheless, the rheological properties of disc-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (DCNCs) with crystalline allomorph II derived from mercerized cellulose remain unknown yet. This work investigated the DCNCs' rheological properties in depth using steady-shear and oscillation measurements. At the same concentration, DCNC's suspension viscosity is lower than that of RCNC; RCNC has an instinct viscosity of 258.2, while DCNC has 187.9. Comparing RCNC suspensions with cellulose nanorods, DCNC has a lower aspect ratio and exhibits a distinct steady shear behavior. Under polarized film, DCNC suspension cannot self-assemble into chiral or liquid crystal phases, and with increasing concentrations, the system transitions from an isotropic phase to a gel phase. Oscillation sweeps demonstrate that the gel transition occurs at 7 %-8 %. Based on thixotropic recovery sweep outcomes, the high-stress oscillations enhance the network structure of DCNC suspensions, which is significantly different from that of RCNC suspensions. Results demonstrate the unique properties of DCNC, highlighting its application as a rheological modifier.

High-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose prepared by homogeneous method and its clouding and self-assembly behaviors.

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a sustainable cellulose derivative valued for its excellent biocompatibility and solubility and is widely used in various fields. Recent scientific research on high-substituted HPC mainly focused on its efficient preparation and phase transition behavior. Herein, a novel strategy of high-substituted HPC synthesis was demonstrated by employing DMSO/TBAF·3H2O as a cellulose solvent, exhibiting more efficiency than traditional approaches. High-substituted HPC prepared has remarkable thermal stability, exceptional hydrophilicity, and satisfactory solubility. Phase transition behavior of HPC with varying molar degrees of substitution (MS) was delved and a notable negative correlation between MS and cloud point temperature (TCP), was revealed, particularly evident at an MS of 12.3, where the TCP drops to 33 °C. Moreover, a unique self-assembly behavior featuring structural color and responsiveness to force in a solvent-free environment emerged when the MS exceeded 10.4. These insights comprehensively strengthen the understanding and knowledge of high-substituted HPC, simultaneously paving the way for further HPC investigation and exploitation.

Fabrication of highly luminescent and thermally stable composites of sulfur nanodots through surface modification and assembly.

Sulfur nanodots (S-dots) have emerged as a promising luminescent material to excel over traditional heavy metal-based quantum dots. However, their relatively low emission efficiency and poor thermal stability in the solid state have limited their wide applications in photoelectric devices. In this work, highly luminescent, with a photoluminescence quantum yield higher than 50%, and thermally stable composites of S-dots were produced through modulating their surface states and aggregation behaviors by introducing pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and benzoyleneurea (BEU), respectively. PMDA eliminated the relatively short-lived surface states and defects on the surface of S-dots and BEU regulated the aggregation states and facilitated the energy transfer from BEU to S-dots. The as-obtained composites also showed significantly improved thermal stability compared to S-dots, aided by the hydrophobic chemical groups and dense matrix of PMDA and BEU, which extended their applications in fabricating light-emitting diodes. Our presented results provide a new approach to produce highly luminescent S-dots, which widen their applications in the fields of bioimaging, sensing, photoelectric devices, and environmental science.

Glaucatotones A-I: Guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids from the roots of Lindera glauca with anti-inflammatory activity.

Glaucatotones A - I, nine new guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, along with two reported compounds, namely (1ß,5ß)-1-hydroxyguaia-4(15),11(13)-dieno-12,5-lactone (10) and pseudoguaianelactone C (11), were isolated from the roots of Lindera glauca. The structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Structurally, glaucatotone A (1) is characterized as a dihomosesquiterpenoid with an unprecedented 5/5/7/6 ring system. A pair of enantiomers, (±)-glaucatotone B (2a/2b), represent the first rearranged norsesquiterpenoid with a (cyclopentylmethyl)cyclohexane skeleton. 3 is defined as a dinorsesquiterpenoid possessing a 5/7/5 ring system. 4-6 are three guaiane-type norsesquiterpenoids. In vitro bioactivity, 2a selectively inhibited Bcap-37 with IC50 value of 5.60 µM, and 9 selectively inhibited Du-145 with IC50 value of 5.52 µM. The anti-inflammatory activity of 1-9 were tested, and of these compounds, 1, 2a, 2b and 7 exhibited potent inhibitory effects.

Polyethylene glycol regulates the pitch and liquid crystal behavior of cellulose nanocrystal-based photonic crystals.

Inspired by iridescent color in natural creations, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) photonic crystals artificially created by nanotechnology have great application prospects due to their potential to control light propagation in the linear and nonlinear regimes. One of the most important development directions of photonic crystals is the diversification of colors, usually by adjusting the pitch. However, few researchers notice the effect of polymer molecular weight and content on pitch regulation and the interaction between polymer and CNC liquid crystals. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as polymers to regulate the pitch of CNC photonic crystals and investigate the changes in microstructure, crystal structure, thermal properties, and liquid crystal texture of the composites by changing the PEG content and molecular weight. Different photonic crystal construction systems show that when the molecular weight of PEG is 0.4 k, it can be filled between CNCs to regulate the pitch of photonic crystals, while when the molecular weight of PEG is 20 k, it cannot always be filled between CNCs in evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) process due to the depletion interaction, which cannot effectively regulate the pitch. This study reveals the relationship between PEG and CNC liquid crystals, which supports the development of photonic crystals and the pitch regulation.

The CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the trigeminal ganglion mediates trigeminal neuralgia via inflammatory responses in mice.

BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is the most severe type of neuropathic pain. The trigeminal ganglion (TG) is a crucial target for the pathogenesis and treatment of TN. The colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) - colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) pathway regulates lower limb pain development. However, the effect and mechanism of the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in TG on TN are unclear. METHODS: Partial transection of the infraorbital nerve (pT-ION) model was used to generate a mouse TN model. Mechanical and cold allodynia were used to measure pain behaviors. Pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-a) were used to measure inflammatory responses in TG. PLX3397, an inhibitor of CSF1R, was applied to inhibit the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in TG. This pathway was activated in naïve mice by stereotactic injection of CSF1 into the TG. RESULTS: The TN model activated the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG, leading to exacerbated mechanical and cold allodynia. TN activated inflammatory responses in the TG manifested as a significant increase in IL-6 and TNF-a levels. After using PLX3397 to inhibit CSF1R, CSF1R expression in the TG declined significantly. Inhibiting the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG downregulated the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α to reduce allodynia-related behaviors. Finally, mechanical allodynia behaviors were exacerbated in naïve mice after activating the CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG. CONCLUSIONS: The CSF1-CSF1R pathway in the TG modulates TN by regulating neuroimmune responses. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of treatments for TN in the TG.